Rangkuman Bahasa Inggris (Course 1 - 3.5)

CRITICAL THINKING

1.Establish your Purpose & raising Questions

Why you are interested in this topic?

Why do you want to learn about it in depth?

What specific aspect of the topic most concern you?

2.Analyzing the Topic

Dividing into small part according to obvious division

See other way to dissect the subject

The purpose and interest of your sources of information

3.Synthesizing

Opposite of analyzing: Putting all information together

Seeks new ways to assembling things.

Seeks new relations among parts

4.Making Inferences

“read between lines”

5.Evaluating

To see if all information you gathered consistent

3 LEVEL OF READING PROCESS

1. Reading for LITERAL meaning
2. Reading for INTERPRETATION
3. Reading Critically:

• Internal Evaluation

1. Does it make sense?
2. Appealing to logic / to authority / to emotion?
3. Enough supporting evidence?
4. Fallacies reasoning?
5. Author consider alternative view?

• External Evaluation

1. Where published?
2. Judging from author’s other writing
3. Purpose “agenda” of the author
4. What others writer say?
5. What left out by the author?
6. Author ‘s representation vs. your experience

SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

1. A singular subjects takes a singular verb.

The sun shines

2. A plural subjects takes a plural verb.

Birds sing

REMEMBER!!!
verb + -s = singular (shines)
noun + -s = plural (birds)

3. Two subjects connected by and take a plural verb.
My brother lives in Jakarta
My brother and sister live in Jakarta
4. Sometimes phrases come between a subject and a verb . This phrases do not affect the agreement of the subject and verb.
The glasses over there under the window by the sink are clean.
The information in those magazines about Vietnamese culture and customes is very interesting.
5. There + be + subject expresses that something exist in a particular place.
6. The verb agrees with the noun that follows be.
There is a book on the desk.
There are some books on the desk.
7. Every is a singular word. It is used with a singular noun.
8. Subjects with every take singular verbs.
Every student is sitting down.
Everybody/everyone hopes for the peace.

REMEMBER!!!
Every students is INCORRECT

9. People is a plural noun and takes plural verb.
People in my country are friendly.


ARTICLES (a, an, the)
are important because they clarify what nouns refer to.
"I found a new website" <-- introduces new information.
"I found the new website" <-- the new website is something the reader or listener already knew about.

COUNT NOUNS
> Refer to things that have a distinct physical or mental form and thus can be counted.
> Can be enumerated and pluralized.

eight books, three apples, several diskettes, two scientists, many ideas

NON-COUNT NOUNS
> Do not have a distinct form as a whole.

> Can be quantified by

some air, a cup of rice, much excitement, a lot of coverage

TWO-WAY NOUNS
Some nouns can be used as either count or non-count nouns.
reading
--> as non-count nouns refers to "general activity" (I enjoy reading)
--> as count nouns refers to " a particular type of reading" (We were assigned a collection of readings)
"an interpretation" (I made several readings of the data)
"a performances" (We were invited to a public reading)

• (a) wine : a type of wine ; the fermented juice of grapes
• (a) cloth : a piece of cloth ; fabric made by knitting or weaving
• (a) thought : an idea ; mental activity, cogitation
• (a beauty : a lovely person or thing ; loveliness
• (a) hair : a single strand of hair ; filamentous mass growing out of the skin

red for count noun ; blue for non-count noun